肉类是卵白质和铁的紧迫开始,是东谈主类饮食结构中不行缺乏的构成部分。环球每年约有700亿只动物被宰杀[1]。跟着禽流感、非洲猪瘟和其他东谈主畜共患疾病的爆发,以及衍灵活物所排放的温室气体对倨傲的影响,传统的肉类坐褥款式不再被合计是可握续的[2-4]。科学家们运转愚弄食物生物本事和基因工程本事开荒替代传统肉类的新址品—— 培养肉现实室,旨在裁汰肉类坐褥对环境的影响,普及动物福利,处分食粮安全问题并荧惑健康的饮食习尚 [5]。第一批补助肉类于2020年在新加坡上市[6]。
培养肉的环境影响:生命周期评估
培养肉频频是从动物身上索求一个小的组织样本,索求合乎的细胞进行增殖,并发育成肌肉纤维,终末鸠合这些纤维并转动成各式肉成品。天然有究诘标明,现实室补助的肉类在其常量养分素构成方面与传统肉类绝顶相同,包括卵白质、脂肪和碳水化合物,但其潜在的健康风险,如养分不及、微生物欺凌和过敏等还需要进一步的探问和全面的评估。
张开剩余84%细胞培养肉的坐褥经由
(开始:Siyal Khan, Maryam Zulfiqar, Sheza Imtiaz. An Inclusive Review on the Scaling up of Lab-Grown Meat Production Reflecting on its Nutritional Profiling, Challenges and Ethical Implications. Pak. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2023, 56(2):59-72)
替代传统肉类的另一个紧迫主意即是裁汰对倨傲环境的影响。畜牧业对倨傲变化的孝敬是通过饲料坐褥(45%)、肠谈发酵(39%) [7]以及动物衍生居品的运输和加工以及地皮使用的变化 [8]完了的。畜牧业相关的温室气体排放量约占农业温室气体排放总量的60%,主如若甲烷和一氧化二氮。反刍动物的环球温室气体排放量约为每年71亿吨二氧化碳当量,占东谈主类行为总孝敬的14.5% [9]。比拟,对细胞培养肉生命周期的推断性评估暴露,培养肉居品的环境踪迹“大大裁汰” [10],但这也取决于其坐褥经由中使用的动力类型 [11]。用于培养动物细胞的养分液含有葡萄糖、助长素、盐、氨基酸和维生素等,彩娱乐每种身分齐会带来动力资本,也会排放二氧化碳。何况,每种身分羼杂到养分液内之前,还必须使用超滤和色谱等高耗能本事仔细纯化。是以,如果不息使用高度纯化的助长介质,每公斤培养肉将产生246-1508kg CO2当量,其导致环球变暖的后劲将是传统牛肉(每公斤产生约60kg CO2当量)的4~25倍 [12]。
由此可见,就环境影响来说,培养肉类并不比传统的牛肉更好。另外,现在,培养肉类坐褥仍然依赖胎儿牛血清(FBS)行为一种助长血清,而FBS来自被宰杀的孕珠奶牛 [13]。坐褥培养肉类还需要对一定数目的动物进行活检。尽管与传统肉类坐褥比拟,这些行为微不及谈,但仍然激励了东谈主们对用于培养肉类的动物的伦理待遇的质疑 [14][15]。因此彩娱乐官网,基于现存的坐褥本事,培养肉不是最好的传统肉类的替代决策,探索动物友好、环境友好、健康安全的传统肉类替代品的究诘还需要真切开展。
[2]Dixon, L. K., Stahl, K.,et al. (2020).“African Swine Fever Epidemiology and Control”. Annual review of animal biosciences, 8, 221–246. DOI:10.1146/annurev-animal-021419- 083741
[4] Taylor, R. A., Condoleo, R., Simons, R. R. L., Gale, P., Kelly, L. A., & Snary, E. L. (2020). “The Risk of Infection by African Swine Fever Virus in European Swine
Through Boar Movement and Legal Trade of Pigs and Pig Meat”. Frontiers in veterinary science, 6, 486. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00486
[6] Woodyatt A., Wiener-Bronner D. (2020). Singapore Becomes First Country to Approve Lab-Grown Meat | CNN Business (CNN). Available at: https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/02/business/lab-grown-chicken-intl-scli-scn/index.html. )
[7] P.J. Gerber, H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci, G. Tempio, Tackling Climate Change through Livestock: a Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2013.
[8]F.P. O’Mara, The significance of livestock as a contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions today and in the near future, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 166 (2011) 7-15, 26.
[9]G.S. Kleppel, Do differences in livestock management practices influence environmental impacts? Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 16 (2020) 141.
[10] Tuomisto, H. L., Ellis, M. J., & Haastrup, P. (2014). Environmental impacts of culturedmeat: Alternative production scenarios. Proceedings of the 9th international conferenceon life cycle assessment in the agri-food sector.Tuomisto, H. L., & Teixeira de Mattos, M. J. (2011). Environmental impacts of culturedmeat production. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(14), 6117–6123.
[12]Derrick Risner, Patrick Negulescu, Yoonbin Kim, et al..Environmental Impacts of Cultured Meat: A Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment.ACS Food Science & Technology, 2024. DOI:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00281
[13] Lee D. Y., Lee S. Y., Yun S. H., Jeong J. W., Kim J. H., Kim H. W., et al. (2022). Review of the current research on fetal bovine serum and the development of cultured meat. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 42, 775–799. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e46
[14] Dutkiewicz J., Abrell E. (2021). Sanctuary to table dining: Cellular agriculture and the ethics of cell donor animals. Politics Anim. 7, 1–15.
近日,上海市公共卫生临床中心儿科收治的一名3岁女童同时感染了3种病原。
[15] UNEP (2023). “Frontiers,” in What’s Cooking? An assessment of the potential impacts of selected novel alternatives to conventional animal products (Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme). doi: 10.59117/20.500.11822/44236
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